Adolescent Relationships with Parents and Peers Essay...

Kerr’s article notes that a sense of security with an attachment figure seems to instill the positive self-image in which a person feels good about him or herself in a variety of areas that either promote or discourage positive relationship between adolescents and their respective parents. The evidence of the changes in peer and parent-child relationships during early adolescence suggests that early adolescence is a critical period of transformation in childrens relationships. Early adolescents may orient toward peers while distancing themselves from their parents because their peer relationships fit some of their developmental needs better than their relationships with their parents. The waxing of peer orientation and the waning of†¦show more content†¦The associations between the developing individual and his or her complex and changing ecology, socially and physically explains the changing dynamics of the person and his or her context that may foster continuity or discontinuity in the individual’s overall development. Larson’s article describes new relationships that develop because adolescents have greater opportunities for independence from parents and are more able to see themselves as part of a larger community of people. Some of these people, particularly peers, involved in the new relationships may become new sources of trust. Adolescents need these new support relationships since information or support from a parent may no longer be as relevant. They also need these relationships to help establish their identity; by comparing opinions and values with others, teenagers can learn what makes them unique Adolescents spend increasing time in activities with peers without the supervision of adults such as parents and teachers. It is important for them to come in contact with new friends or to strengthen existing bonds. In this way, they get reflections on their own opinions, ideas and emotions. Despite the increasing relevance of peer relationships, parents do not per se become less relevant in shaping adolescents cognitions and behaviors. In contrast, recentShow MoreRelatedThe Association Of Parent Adolescent Relationships And Adolescent Relationship With Their Peers Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesto examine the association of parent-adolescent relationships and the adolescent’s relationship with their peers. Previous research has found that parents do play a crucial role in shaping a child’s social skills and in their relationships with peers but this is prior to adolescence. The literature review had found that studies on parental influences through adolescence are no t as common and the ones that were available typically only focused on how parents and peers influence social development inRead MoreAccording To The Data From A Statistic Done By The Canadian1249 Words   |  5 Pagesyears old to 16.2 years old. The thought alone of thinking that a 15-year-old child might be consuming drugs and drinking alcohol would sound terrifying and concerning to most parents. Though the improvement of 0.6 years is admirable, it does not change the fact that the legal age is still far from the age most adolescents begin to consume alcohol. The causes for substance use are everywhere. Some might say way to use drugs and alcohol to hide their emotions or it could be a form of socializationRead MorePeer Attachment And Self Esteem1568 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Peer attachments play a very important role in determining high self-esteem of students. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self-evaluation along a positive- negative dimension. Most generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s over all positive evaluation to the self. The study was conducted in Hisar District of Haryana state. All the adolescents studying in 9th and 10th standard falling in the age group 15 – 16 years were includedRead MoreAdolescence And Young Adulthood : Young Relationships And Delinquency1436 Words   |  6 PagesWithin current culture, it is easy to assume that young relationships are innocent and do not enable any issues in the adolescents cognitive or physical development. The main concern of Ming Cui et al. is that dating in early adolescence can impede developmental adjustment (Serafini Rye Drysdale, 2013, pg. 253). The reason for this concern is that there is more research showin g that there is an association between romantic relationships and delinquency in adolescence and young adulthood (SerafiniRead MoreSports As A Tool For Development Of Social Character Development1309 Words   |  6 PagesOver seventy percent of adolescents play sports (Uzoma, 2015). Athletics can be used for the development of social character, values of teamwork, sacrifice, and obedience (Rudd Stoll, 2004). The sports world offers social opportunities for adolescents (Rutten, Schuengel, Dirks, Stams, Biesta, Hoeksma, 2011). Participating in sports as adolescents may help with learning how to respect the community, peers, family, and themselves (Berlin, Dworkin, Eames, Menconi, Perkins, 2007). Sports may affectRead MoreThe Social Development Of Children And Adolescents1276 Words   |  6 PagesThe social relationships of children and adolescents are really important, especially with their family, siblings and peers at school. At different ages, the ways we socialize with differ ent people various in different situations base on the social experiences that we have gained in the past. The word â€Å"friends† refers to people who have a mutual and close relationship with each others, the definition of â€Å"peer group† is an individual’s small relative group that consists of individuals who share theRead MorePsychosocial Factors That Affect Adolescent s Behavior876 Words   |  4 Pages Psychosocial Crisis in Adolescents Adolescence is an interesting stage of development and is the fifth stage of Erikson stages of development .According to Erikson adolescence is a time of searching for one’s own identity and developing a sense of autonomy. Trying on different â€Å"selves† is a common mental and behavioral activity of adolescents who are in the process of developing an internally anchored sense of who they are, rather than defining themselves by what others think or expect of themRead MoreParental And Peer Influences On The Onset Of Heavier Drinking Among Adolescents1378 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Parental and Peer Influences on the Onset of Heavier Drinking among Adolescents.† The major research question suggested by the researcher was whether or not there is a relationship between parental and peer influences and the onset of heavier drinking tendencies or regular drinking tendencies among adolescents? The authors of the article realized there is a problem with adolescents participating in heavy drinking acts prior to the onset of college. It is believed that when an adolescent reaches theRead MoreEssay on Adolescent Violence1591 Words   |  7 Pageswhat are assets that may help prevent such violence come into mind. The article, Adolescent Violence: The Protective Effects of Youth Assets, shows a study that examined the relationships between nine youth assets and six demographic factors that may be linked to adolescent physical fighting and weapon carrying. The population consisted of one thousand ninety-eight middle and high school students and their parents from inner-city areas of two mid-sized Midwestern cities who completed in-home interviewsRead MoreCharacteristics And Characteristics Of Adolescence875 Words   |  4 Pagesstronger peer relationships. The first characteristic of adolescence is rapid biological growth. I believe this is the most important characteristic. Secondary sex characteristics began to develop during adolescence. In a matter a few years an adolescence body will rapidly change into a more mature body. This can be a hard time for adolescents because often they don’t fully understand the changes their bodies are making. The second characteristic is search for self. Adolescents brains are

Colombia Essay - 6023 Words

Colombia Colombia, republic in South America, situated in the northwestern part of the continent, and bounded on the north by Panama and the Caribbean Sea, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, on the south by Peru and Ecuador, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia is the only country of South America with coasts on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The total land area of the country is 1,141,748 sq km (440,831 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Bogotà ¡. IILAND AND RESOURCES The distinguishing topographical feature of Colombia is the Andes mountain chain, situated in the central and western parts of the country, and extending north-south across almost its entire length. The Andes comprise three principal and†¦show more content†¦The coastline of Colombia extends for about 1760 km (about 1090 mi) along the Caribbean and for about 1450 km (about 900 mi) along the Pacific. River mouths along the coasts are numerous, but no good natural harbors exist. AClimate Colombia lies almost entirely in the Torrid Zone, a meteorological term denoting the areas of the earths surface between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn. The climate, however, varies with the elevation. The low regions along the coast and the deep Patà ­a and Magdalena river valleys are torrid, with average annual temperatures of 24 ° to 27 ° C (75 ° to 80 ° F). From about 500 to 2300 m (about 1500 to 7500 ft) the climate is subtropical, and from about 2300 to 3000 m (about 7500 to 10,000 ft) it is temperate. Above about 3000 m (about 10,000 ft) is the cold-climate zone, where temperatures range from -18 ° to 13 ° C (0 ° to 55 ° F). The average January and July temperatures in Bogotà ¡ are the same: 14 ° C (57 ° F). The averages for the same months in Barranquilla are 27 ° C (80 ° F) and 28 ° C (82 ° F). Throughout the year, three-month periods of rain and dry weather alternate. Along the Pacific coast precipitation is heavy. At Bogotà ¡ the annual rainfall averages about 1060 mm (about 42 in), and in Barranquilla it averages about 800 mm (about 32 in). Dry weather prevails on the slopes of the Cordillera Oriental. BNatural Resources The mineral resources of the country are varied and extensive. Colombia is the major worldShow MoreRelatedColombia And The Revolutionary Armed Forces Of Colombia2220 Words   |  9 PagesIn Colombia, a historic peace accord has been brokered between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) that is set to end half a century of conflict between the state and the terrorist organization. The FARC rebels have long been a powerful member of the cocaine trade in Colombia and beyond, aiding in the development and exportation of the drug to the United States. With the alliance between the FARC rebels and the Colombian government pending, the FARC will be demilitarizedRead MoreColombia Essay.1417 Words   |  6 PagesColombia is a country in South America in the northwestern part of the continent. Colombia has a lot of natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is known for its political un rest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels. Despite a long history of democratic government, Colombia has one of the most rigidly stratified class systems in Latin America. Colombia is the only country in South America with coasts on both the Caribbean SeaRead MoreEssay on Colombia746 Words   |  3 Pagesnominated by the president who is running, the citizens elect vice presidents also? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The present president of Columbia was elected August 7th. His name Is Andres Pastana. He will serve a four-year term, as all presidents in Colombia do. The United States is the now has the largest number of corporations involved with trade and with overall investments in Columbia. The most things exported to the United States are oil, coffee, and cut flowers. Illegally, all the real money comesRead MoreEssay on Colombia702 Words   |  3 PagesColombia History Colombia was one of the three original countries along with Ecuador and Venezuela that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830. Over the last 40 years, there has been a campaign to overthrow the government partially because of the drug trades throughout Colombia. The movement does however lack support from military and support from the necessary influences. In recent years, there have been challenges for control of the territories throughout Colombia and alsoRead MoreConflict in Colombia1277 Words   |  5 PagesConflict in Colombia Colombia is a Latin American country located in South America that has been ravaged by violence, starvation, and large-scale inequality between higher and lower classes. The chaos in Colombia has been between rebel forces and the government and has lasted for over fifty years. These rebel forces have fought to achieve their Liberalist lead goals of overthrowing the current democratic government of Colombia and replacing it with a communist government. La Violencia was theRead MoreMedellin, Colombia Essay630 Words   |  3 Pageswidely regarded in Colombia as a clean, well-organized and economically vibrant community. Its people are hard-working and industrious. Major industries include coffee and flower export, information technology and hotel services. It is also the fashion capital of Colombia. Each year the Feria de Las Flores (Flower Festival) attracts visitors from all over South America for parades and conventions. The citys fast and efficient metro is the only public transit subway system in Colombia. In culinary delightsRead MoreThe Political Landscape Of Colombia1028 Words   |  5 PagesColombia is located in the northwest of South America. The current population is estimated to be in the region of 46.73 million with the capital city Bogota being the most populated. The labour force is estimated to be 24.34 million. Colombia’s major resources are oil and coal. The country operates in a representative democracy which attempts to empower the masses. Juan Manuel Santos Calderon is the president; he is currently serving his last term in office Colombia is dominated by two politicalRead MoreThe Drug Crisis Of Colombia1594 Words   |  7 Pagesis astounding how a group of traffickers in Colombia have been able to keep a drug trade business going despite the government rejections. The traffickers started off with importing marijuana into the United States, and later turned to cocaine. The amounts of drugs being traded also grew rapidly. â€Å"†¦shipments grew from individuals carrying small amounts of large quantities on boats and low-flying airplanes†(Gilmore). The growth of drug trade in Colombia created two cartels, one that was led by MedellinRead More colombia Essay examples1931 Words   |  8 Pages Violence in modern Colombia takes place in many forms. The three major categories are crime, guerrilla activities, and attacks committed by drug traffickers. Violence has become so widespread and common in Colombia that many people have now become numb to it. The Colombian economy has also benefited from t he illicit drug trade; however violent it may be. During the 1970s, Colombia became well known, as one of the world’s most important drug processing, production, and distribution centers for marijuanaRead MoreColombia Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesColombia was once called the murder capital of the world. Colombia has lived up to that name. The murder rate in Colombia has increased by 4%. It might not seem like a lot but there is an average of 17 murders a day. Colombia is known for their violence, but is also a big exporter of coffee, the first country to build a Baptist Church, have their religion influenced by Native Americans, and have the second largest economy. Colombia has a large diversity of cultures. Over 30 million Mestizos inhabitants

Defending Barbie Free Essays

When I was young, one of the most favorite songs I usually listened to is â€Å"Barbie Girl†. The song started with funny melodies about a blonde single girl named Barbie. She lived in her dream house with swimming pool, convertible and lovely things. We will write a custom essay sample on Defending Barbie or any similar topic only for you Order Now She also had a boyfriend named Ken. She was not a girl coming from this song but a doll who was created in 1959 by Mattel. Until now she is over 50 years-old but her beauty and her lifestyle are always the dream of children. She does not look like the fashionable trends which will be old-fashionable after a short period. Her influences to children never decline. Barbie is not only a plastic doll that cannot talk and interact but also a friend who plays an inspiring role in their life. In my experience with playing and owning Barbie’s, Barbie has had nothing but the fun and positive impacts on my life. First of all, the most positive impact of Barbie is the meaningful messages which she brings to us through her story. Barbie is famous with her dream house, convertible, beautiful outfits, luxurious jewelries and expensive shoes. She owns the luxurious things which she acquires them all by herself from being a career woman. She is a symbol of a successful woman by working in a wide range of jobs such as a dentist, a teacher, a police, a chef, a baby-sitter, a fire-fighter, an artist and so on. For this reason, she can earn a lot of money by her own capacity and buy everything she likes. Not just that, Barbie is also a fashionmonger. She always appears in the most beautiful outfits with different styles and she will be the person who updates the newest fashionable trends of famous brands. She has a boyfriend but she does not dependent on his bank account. She is depicted as an independent girl who does not rely on a man to take care or support for her. By her own way, Barbie becomes an ideal model of women, a public idol who many children want to become. They all want a Barbie to play with and to be like her because of her meaningful message that Barbie can be anything she wants and so do they. Besides that, there are countless valuable messages she brings to children such as being feminine, living independent from man, doing anything you want, working any kind of jobs which you like, achieving your dreams by putting your heart and mind into it, being fashionable†¦ hrough her special and unique lifestyle. Secondly, Barbie helps children develop their creation. Owning a Barbie doll is not a simple work. When we buy a Barbie, she just looks like the other Barbie dolls with same faces, same body shapes, same outfits or even same colors of hair. However children have their freedom to make her become different. Whether she will become a unique doll depends on children’s hands and minds. If they want Barbie to be different, they have to figure out and act. It is the way Barbie motivates children’s minds in imaginative acts. Holding Barbie in their hand, they can start to change the appearance of Barbie by typing her hair up with rubber brands, make braids or change Barbie hair lengths by cutting shorter too. Besides that, they can also try to replace the set of her outfits by the other one. It is not compulsory that Barbie has to wear this T-shirt with his trouser. Children can combine the t-shirt with a long skirt and create a new style. Moreover they can modify the length of her dresses as they might like or they can even try to sew a new dress or a T-shirt for her. The ideas to imagine the context which Barbie belongs to is not a bad ideas. For example, Barbie who wears a gorgeous dress may attend in a prom party. Not just that, due to her flexible body children can modify the position of her arms, bend her legs or sink her head like she is greeting someone for their ideas. Barbie makeovers are not only fun, but also creative. It step by step helps children show their own style. Barbie successfully shows her power in promoting the children’s imagination and creation. Moreover Barbie is a friend who inspires children to show their own identity. Playing with their Barbie, children have a chance to show their dream, their lifestyle and their personalities. The children would like to spend many hours to take part in a role play that Barbie is the main character. The context is one of the necessary elements in their imaginative play. Nothing is scripted in their imagination; it includes children’s pretended role play. In their play, Barbie will be a reflective image of children. For example, if the child considers Barbie as a teacher, she may create a play that Barbie goes to the school and works at 7 a. m. At 5 p. m, she comes back her home and plays with her children. Then there are some conservation between Barbie and her children†¦ In this case, perhaps the child has a dream to be a good teacher in future. She also thinks about her future as a kind mother with a lot of children around her. Besides that, the child shows her time for Barbie going to work and coming back home means that she is very good at managing her time. However the role of Barbie in these plays is not fixed. Children usually change Barbie’s careers and extend the plots as well as the conservation to illustrate their family life, imagine adolescent life and glamorous events. Barbie will be the copy of children which helps them show their dreams, their personalities and their real life. Since I was 12 years old, Barbie was always appeared in my wish lists. That was the time when I came to my friend’s house and saw her doll. Her Barbie’s beauty going along with her beautiful outfits and accessorizes makes me fall in love with her. However it was not easy to own a Barbie doll due to its price and its market distribution. I remember at that time it is very difficult to find the original Barbie in Vietnam. The only way to own a Barbie doll at that time was you had to buy in America and send back. My dream only came true when my uncle came back to Vietnam in 2009. He brought a Barbie doll as a gift for me. Although it was not a right time for me to play Barbie due to my busy schedule and my age, I still felt very happy when owning such a beautiful doll. Every weekend, I have to go to Ho Chi Minh City and I take a bus to come back my hometown. When I leave, my younger sister usually stays at home alone. As the result, Barbie became my younger sister’s friend whom she could spend for hours to play with. One day when I came home from Ho Chi Minh City, my sister asked me to design some clothes for Barbie. I accepted her request because I thought this was a good chance to me for practicing my sewing skills. We came to some tailor shops asking for scarps of fabric together. Then we tried to sew the simplest outfit for Barbie without taking her measurements or sketching out her outfit including a strapless shirt and a mini skirt. Although they were not really excellent, it was an unexpected success and it made us feel really satisfied for our efforts. By sewing the outfit for Barbie, we together stimulate our creation. Not just that, she also enjoyed changing Barbie’s appearance for example the hair. Thanks to the long and straight hair, my sister created many different hairstyles as far as she could imagine. Sometimes Barbie becomes a charming girl with the small lovely braids, another time she turned into an active girl with the basic horse-tail style. Besides that as far as I know, she also had a schedule for taking care of Barbie. She usually changed Barbie’s hair and her outfits every day and cleaned the dirt in Barbie every weekend. Taking care of Barbie shows how thoughtful and careful she was. Barbie somehow helps me realize my sister’s identity. Sometimes when I came home and saw my younger sister was talking to Barbie. She often played a role as a teacher and Barbie was her student. She had her own classroom map which included the position of her friends and Barbie in class. She taught Barbie the subjects she studied such as Math, Literature or Music. Thanks to the plays she performed together with Barbie; I realize many potential capabilities of my younger sister as well as her identity and her thoughts. While many people today only pay attention to Barbie’s unreal body shape and argue about her negative influences she may bring to children due to her story and her lifestyles, they seem to forget her positive impacts. In my opinion, instead of complaining about Barbie and her body measurements, we should reinforce the facts that Barbie helps life of children become more beautiful and lively. By the time when children grow up, Barbie will help them figure out their career, their characteristics and their lifestyle. She is not a plastic doll who was named Barbie but a bridge and an instructor guiding children to their future. What a wonderfully full and imaginative world we enjoy with Barbie! How to cite Defending Barbie, Papers

Recommender System Application Developments †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Recommender System Application Developments. Answer: Introduction In order to gain long traditional as well as cross departmental collaboration in the operational areas of businesses, Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays active roles. It helps to achieve long-term sustainability and due to presence of the organizational, economical and social drivers the functional and operational activities of the Information technologies gets enhanced. The report depicts the importance of implementing AIS in the business organizations for increasing the net revenues structure and operational activities as well. Apart from the operational activities the associated difficulties are also elaborated in this report. In addition to this, the advantages and disadvantages of Accounting Information System (AIS) over the traditional business processes are also illustrated in this report. With the help of different information systems such as DSS, MIS, AIS, Expert system and Neutral network and Transaction processing system how values can be added to the business are also illustrated in this report. Moreover, it can be said that AIS provides relatively new approach to the business owners for resolving the business issues. Difference and similarities among four different techniques Managing information system Decision support system Expert support system Transaction processing system It helps to process information. Professional analysts and also the managers of the business organization. The impetus is effective in case of managing information system. It uses special kind of database management system (Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). It helps to make analysis and support decisions. The impetus is effective in case of MIS also. The system can be used by middle, lower and even by the senior executives sometimes. It helps to access status for analyzing data and produce recommendations for increasing the business revenue. For environmental scanning, performance evaluation and In order to identify issues and opportunities EIS is used by the business organizations (Bhandari and Gill, 2016). In order to collect, store, display, modify and for even cancel transaction TPS is used by the businesses. The information used in this system can support the management in specified situation. For planning, organizing staffing and controlling MIS is used. The different applications served by the MIS include production control system, sales forecasting, financial analysis and human resource management as well. The companies use this technology use corporate database. NA The data served by the EIS/MIS are used as the input to the DSS. The information can also be programmed in the DSS also. Basically for controlling the total system MIS is used by the business organizations and the information managed by the system include scheduled, demand report, structured flow and internal operation flow (Imran et al. 2014). NA Due to the large computational capability the MIS can model language and simulation, model generator and application as well. The information provided by the MIS can be manipulated and summarized as per the requirement of the users. the MIS can be constructed with the help of IS specialist. NA Similarities between the techniques After analyzing all four different techniques it has been found that, certain similarities and differences are associated to the technologies. The similarities among the technologies are as follows: Both for the semi structured and unstructured data the technologies provides general support. Due to the usage of qualitative data, the problems of DSS are often characterized with the help of uncertain knowledge (Yu 2016). For the presence of different modeling tools various alternative scenarios can be modeled and even compared. On the existing transaction processing system the modeled reporting system is referred to as more and more sensitive by nature. The MIS is also used to take decision over both the unstructured and structured information. Though MIS is used in the tactical level but still in other operation levels also this system is widely used by the business owners. Both EIS and DSS use special database management system for managing the data. The impetuses are effective in case of both MIS and DSS. Moreover, it can be said that, in order to take efficient business decisions DSS, MIS, AIS and ES and TPS all are beneficial. After vast analysis it has been found that different management level as well as operational issues are associated to the information system that are widely used by different business organizations (Castelli, Manzoni and Popovic 2016). It has been found that currently the two major challenges faced by the business organizations include information oriented challenges and information management oriented challenges. From different information technology management community the required ranged support re provided to the developers and to the business owners also. Apart from this the main difficulty with the AIS are as follows: Lack of training: Due to lack of training and development programs the users might fail to handle the AIS accurately and for this reason the system will not be able to serve according to the requirement of the users (Karaboga et al. 2014). Lack of security: Security is one of the major concerns that are needed to be considered by the management authority of the businesses to gain measurable success and structured revenue as well. Due to lack of security the system might fails to keep the confidentiality and sensitivity of the information stored in the data server (Kim, Lee and Lee 2013). If proper encryption and authentication algorithms are not adopted by the management authority then the external attackers can easily hijack the information stored in the organizational server. Lack of communication: If the IS development team member fails to interact with each other properly then due to improper communication the developers will not be able to share their views with the other team members (Tseng and Hu 2014). The information system will be negatively impacted due to lack of communication. Lack of technologies: If proper technologies are not used by the system developers then the business organizations will fail to contribute the required requirement to the users. Not only during the technology but also at the time of information transformation the information might get lost from the server. The lost information cannot be easily retrieved by the system developers whenever required. Accessibility issue: For both the unknown and known location of the distributed information, accessibility issues might arise. In order to mitigate this issue data warehouse, data integration and integrated application are required to be implemented by the system developers (Pannu 2015). The other relevance issues associated to both the semi structured, multimedia and unstructured data relevant search engine indexing are required to implemented by the business organizations. Due to the presence of different options, option overload issue also might occur. Identification of different advantages and disadvantages with AIS over traditional business processes From analyzing different technologies of Information system it has been found that, the issue associated to traditional business process can be easily mitigated after the adoption of the information system to the business operations. Both advantages and disadvantages are there in case of the AI system. The advantages and disadvantages are as follows: Advantages: the chances of error occurrences get reduced after the implementation of the AIS. The program exploration process AIS is very much difficult. On the other hand, the daily application, repetitive jobs and digital assistance are also very much effective in case of AIS. Even for medical applications also AIS is very much efficient (Holsapple, Lee-Post and Pakath 2014). The language to others exists but these applications are not as much beneficial as the others. It acts as a translator it means that the voice recognition system can convert the spoken power as per the requirement of the consumers. The system can act as diction and the system the capacity of the system are completely limited. In both simple and complex systems, this machine can be used. After adoption of the system the task can be completed faster than the traditional one (Pannu 2015). The users can access the server regardless of their location and time as well. Disadvantages: The disadvantage associated to the system implies that the system is very much costly and even during the implementation and maintenance also the cost required for the system is very high. Another issues associated to the system are lack of security. Due to lack of security, the information stored in the server might get hijacked by the external attackers. Not only this, but also another disadvantage is it cannot replicate humans (Tseng and Hu 2014). The number of employee turnover and the rate of unemployment get increased with the help of the application of AIS in the business organizations. No such additional improvement can be implemented, with the creativity and even with the changing experiences the creativity cannot took place. As per the system requirement, it has been found that the business that is selling specialty teas through both online and offline business operations (Brick and Click stores). Four different types of artificial intelligence systems such as limited memory, reactive machines, theory of mind and self awareness are there. Whether similar AI will be used for different business types From the business analysis, it can be state that for different business departments Thus from the operational and functional feature of the systems it can be said that for different departments same type of artificial intelligence system cannot be used. Such as in the human resource department the self awareness means type 4 artificial intelligence should be used whereas; in the financial and audit department of the business organizations, reactive machines should be used (Piltan et al. 2013). On the other hand, in the management and creative departments limited memories are needed to be used by the business organizations. In the small specialty businesses, there are many places where, decision support system can be used frequently. In order to take managerial business decisions, different business organizations use the Artificial Intelligence (AI) system (Holsapple, Lee-Post. and Pakath 2014). Different ways re there through which decision support system can add value to the system The decision support can add different values to the businesses, through which the DSS and AI can add value for reducing the terms of Porters value chain theory. The general troubles with new IT approaches are all increasing and thus the new approach should be comprehend and acknowledged by the developers (OLeary 2013). In addition to this, individuals must be prepared to utilize the new framework. Human creation is the explorations of making machines imitate human intuition and conduct. The computerized AIS frameworks that organizations utilize the most can be arranged to accompanying real classifications such as master fr ameworks, neural systems, hereditary calculations, and operator based innovations (Wang et al. 2016). It could add values to the business systems. A few points of interest of computerized reasoning frameworks are imply that it can be autonomous, remain solitary basic leadership frameworks, or they can be installed into a bigger examination framework, in order to execute particular capacities. A process would be a robot need judgment skills. If the developer somehow managed to offer claim to fame teas, then he or she would utilize a similar sort of AIS framework in each piece of the business since they are offering comparable things. From analysis it has been found that choice support or human created strategies would profit a private company since it would be costly and independent companies have fewer assets (Russell, Dewey and Tegmark 2015). Choice emotionally supportive networks have three different segments comprising of: a straightforward and simple to-utilize graphical User Interface, access to a lot of data, and models and devices that can be used to erase data. According to the fundamental contrast between running a business concern and a little claim to fame business security that would help to measure the data is gathered. It will add value to the business operations. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that in order to gain measurable growth from the competitive business market and for develop the business operations implementation of accounting information system is very much necessary. The issues faced by the organizations in the traditional days can be mitigated after the adaptation of the Information System. Both structured and unstructured information can be managed well by the management authority after the adaptation of the system. References Bhandari, R. and Gill, J., 2016. An Artificial Intelligence ATM forecasting system for Hybrid Neural Networks.International Journal of Computer Applications,133(3), pp.13-16. Bui, D.T., Bui, Q.T., Nguyen, Q.P., Pradhan, B., Nampak, H. and Trinh, P.T., 2017. A hybrid artificial intelligence approach using GIS-based neural-fuzzy inference system and particle swarm optimization for forest fire susceptibility modeling at a tropical area.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,233, pp.32-44. Castelli, M., Manzoni, L. and Popovi?, A., 2016. An Artificial Intelligence System to Predict Quality of Service in Banking Organizations.Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience,2016. Holsapple, C., Lee-Post, A. and Pakath, R., 2014. A unified foundation for business analytics.Decision Support Systems,64, pp.130-141. Imran, M., Castillo, C., Lucas, J., Meier, P. and Vieweg, S., 2014, April. AIDR: Artificial intelligence for disaster response. InProceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web(pp. 159-162). ACM. Karaboga, D., Gorkemli, B., Ozturk, C. and Karaboga, N., 2014. A comprehensive survey: artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and applications.Artificial Intelligence Review,42(1), pp.21-57. Kim, K.Y., Lee, G.R. and Lee, S.W., 2013. A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence System and Ohlson model for IPO firm's Stock Price Evaluation.Journal of Digital Convergence,11(5), pp.145-158. Lu, J., Wu, D., Mao, M., Wang, W. and Zhang, G., 2015. Recommender system application developments: a survey.Decision Support Systems,74, pp.12-32. Michalski, R.S., Carbonell, J.G. and Mitchell, T.M. eds., 2013.Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach. Springer Science Business Media. O'Leary, D.E., 2013. Artificial intelligence and big data.IEEE Intelligent Systems,28(2), pp.96-99. Pannu, A., 2015. Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas.Artificial Intelligence,4(10). Piltan, F., Kamgari, M., Zare, S., Zadeh, F.S. and Mansoorzadeh, M., 2013. Design Novel Model Reference Artificial Intelligence Based Methodology to Optimized Fuel Ratio in IC Engine.International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business,5(2), p.44. Russell, S., Dewey, D. and Tegmark, M., 2015. Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence.AI Magazine,36(4), pp.105-114. Tseng, M.M. and Hu, S.J., 2014. Mass customization. InCIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering(pp. 836-843). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wang, J.W., Wang, H.F., Ding, J.L., Furuta, K., Kanno, T., Ip, W.H. and Zhang, W.J., 2016. On domain modelling of the service system with its application to enterprise information systems.Enterprise Information Systems,10(1), pp.1-16. Yu, J.C., 2016. An Integrated distribution system for Deteriorating Items via an Artificial Intelligence Method.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,5(2), pp.65-70.

Analysis of Roger and Me Concepts of Marx and Durkheim essays

Analysis of Roger and Me Concepts of Marx and Durkheim essays Michael Moores Roger and Me is about Moores home town of Flint, Michigan. He shows the viewer first hand the breaking down of what was once a booming town. The town of Flint was home to General Motors which employed many of the towns residents. General Motors was a key contributor to the town socially and economically. Many of the residents were bonded by their ties to General Motors and the parades and other festivities that GM supplied that kept the locals loyal to the company. That is why it was so devastating when GM closed 11 of their plants in Flint and moved their business to Mexico in order to gain profit and stay competitive. In the movie Moore shows us the consequences of the closing of the GM plants in Flint as well as his underlying quest to talk to GM chairman, Roger Smith, to get him to spend a day in Flint and meet the people that lost their jobs. Durkheim and Marx would have different views on what happened in Flint. Durkheim would say that Flints disintegration as a community was due to its lack of social order where Marxs theories would solely revolve around the economic system. Durkheim would say that GM played such a major role in the lives of all of its workers that when GM left no one knew what to do. He would also say the reason Flint was doing so well before the closing was because of its great collective conscience. The fact that many families were being supported by the same wages from the same company and the parents of the families worked together made the local families feel connected in some way. The manifest function of GM was that it produced cars and jobs and its latent function was that it provided community identification through parades and other family functions. Durkheim measured the degree of collective conscience through suicide rates. Durkheim probably would have found that after the plants i n Flint closed there were a higher number of suicides, esp...

Abortion in the Premodern World

Abortion in the Premodern World While modern technology is quite new in historical terms, the practice of abortion and menstrual regulation is ancient. Traditional methods have been handed down for hundreds of generations and herbal and other methods have roots in the distant past. It should be noted that many ancient and medieval methods and preparations are extremely risky and many are not at all effective, so experimentation is quite unwise. We know abortion was practiced in biblical times from the passage in Numbers where alleged infidelity is tested by giving an abortifacient potion to an accused pregnant woman. The bitter water used to bring on the curse may have been quinine or several of other herbal and natural concoctions that are considered emmenagogues, or drugs that bring on menstruation. Such herbs and other concoctions are in reality often implantation inhibitors or abortifacients. According to the biblical tale, if the woman had not been unfaithful, the drug would not work and the pregnancy was assumed to be the husband’s child. If she miscarried, she was considered guilty of adultery and no questionable parentage ensued. Abortion was recorded in 1550 B.C.E. in Egypt, recorded in what is called the Ebers Papyrus and in ancient China about 500 B.C.E. as well. In China, folklore dates the use of mercury to induce abortions to about 5,000 years ago. Of course, mercury is extremely toxic. Hippocrates also offered abortion to his patients despite being opposed to pessaries and potions which he considered too dangerous. He is recorded as having instructed a prostitute to induce abortion by jumping up and down. This is certainly safer than some other methods, but rather ineffective. It is also believed that he used dilation and curettage to induce abortions as well. Abortion opponents often use the Hippocratic Oath of physicians as an argument against abortion per se, but the opposition had only to do with patient safety. Herbal methods were likely more common and many of the traditional herbs and mixtures are in use even today. Pennyroyal dates at least to the 1200s when manuscripts show herbalists preparing it, but the oil is extremely dangerous and modern herbalists avoid it. Deaths from its use were recorded in the US in the 1990s. A medieval herbal reference called De Viribus Herbarum referred to herbs to induce abortions even earlier in the 11th century. Pennyroyal was among the herbs mentioned but so were catnip, rue. Sage, savory, cypress, and hellebore. Some of the drugs are listed as emmenagogues rather than explicitly as abortifacients, but since the most common cause of a late menstrual period is pregnancy, there is little doubt why they were prescribed and used. Hildegard of Bingen mentions the use of tansy to bring on menstruation. Some herbs have been mentioned for centuries. One is a plant called the worm fern whose root is used to cause an abortion. It is telling that it was also known as prostitute’s root historically. Also used in the same area of Europe were thyme, parsley, lavender, and savin juniper. Even concoctions of camel saliva and deer hair were used. The right of women to seek abortions was not restricted in many places until fairly recently, with most restrictions being related to the time of quickening or fetal movement. Even Plato proclaimed the right of women to seek early terminations of pregnancies in Theaetetus, but specifically he spoke of the right of midwives to offer the procedure. In early times, most pregnancies were not managed by doctors so it was logical that abortion be provided by midwives and herbalists. Other measures to induce abortions have included iron sulfates and chlorides, hyssop, dittany, opium, madder in beer, watercress seeds and even crushed ants. Probably the herbs most commonly mentioned were tansy and pennyroyal. We know that tansy was used from at least the Middle Ages. One of the most brutal methods was practiced in the Orient in ancient times by violently kneading or beating the abdomen to cause abortion, a procedure with great peril to the woman who used it. Even in the 20th century, women were still trying Hippocrates’ jumping up and down method, likely with as little success as their ancient sisters. Wise women have found and used herbs and other preparations to manage their fertility for generations. Some concoctions were contraceptive in nature and others were abortifacients or designated emmenagogues. The latter are now believed to have worked to prevent implantation, a sort of ancient morning after pill. What we know for sure is that in the past as well as now women have found ways to manage unwanted pregnancies. It should be noted that many ancient and medieval methods and preparations are extremely risky and many are not at all effective, so experimentation is quite unwise. There are modern practitioners who do know the folk remedies that are both effective and safe and should be relied upon before even considering such methods. Modern women also have more familiar medical procedures to choose instead of ancient remedies. Sources Konstaninos Kapparis, Assistant Professor of Classics, University of Florida. Abortion in the Ancient World (Duckworth Classical Essays). Duckworth Publishers (May 2003).John M. Riddle (Chair of the History Department and Alumni Distinguished Professor, North Carolina State University. Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance. Harvard University Press (April 1994).

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

BUSN300 UNIT 2 IP - Research Paper Example This paper will highlight the presentation of a new president of a local chamber of commerce in the United States addressing the expected GDP growth rate and give business leaders an idea of the outlook of business based on history and expected conditions. It will also highlight GDP trends, forecasts, statistics, determination and interpretation. Annual United States GDP in 2012 grew by 2.2 percent, as compared to a 1.8 percent increase posted in 2011 (BEA, 2012). The 2012 increase basically mirrored positive inputs from both residential and non residential fixed investments, expenditure on personal consumption and exports. Nevertheless, the GDP went down to 1.5 percent in the last quarter of 2012 as compared to the third quarter, denoting a decrease of 0.10 percent. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, GDP had gone up by 3.1 percent in quarter three (BEA, 2012). The fourth quarter’s drop in GDP was attributed to reduced contributions seen in exports, federal spending and private investment. However, increases in personal consumption expenditures, nonresidential fixed investments and reduced imports served to offset the drop in part. Business, educational, rental, financial and professional service account for a combined 40 percent of the United States GDP. Wholesale and retail businesses contribute 12 percen t. However, although the United States is a net food exporter because of using advanced technologies, agriculture only makes up for the GDP’s 1.5 percent. The economy’s total output can be determined in either of several ways available. The common ways include terms of income paid out, which sums up the different income forms that primary production factors receive (Michael & Alm, 1999). The other is in terms of subsequent expenditure arising from the income. In accounting for GDP, it is ensured that total production matches income which, in turn, matches expenditure. That implies that all goods produced within the economy

Operation management of McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation management of McDonalds - Assignment Example This essay discusses that while the meanings of â€Å"operation† and â€Å"management† taken separately are commonly understood, when the two are combined an entirely different idea is formed. This field of business that seeks to define and standardise things could not itself be fully summed up in one comprehensive idea. Lawson perceptively pointed out that operations management is conceived of according to varying levels of scope and significance. Operations management has been variably defined as: (1) â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm’s primary product and service combinations†; (2) â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources, and technologies that create and deliver the firm’s primary product and service combinations†; and â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources, and technologies tha t create product and service combinations in any type of organization†. Mosby, Crumbaker & Urban observed that operations management is focused mainly on making sure that the firm’s business operations function efficiently and effectively, towards greater reliability and availability of the firm’s systems and services. Among the many duties and responsibilities which the operations manager is expected to fulfil, which generally fall within a five broad roles and responsibilities. ... These are identified and categorized by Operations Manager.com (2011) as: (1) Logistics management; (2) Budget management; (3) Operational strategizing; (4) Management of support services; and (5) Management of third party relations. According to Pycraft, Singh and Phihlela (2000), the exact responsibilities and role of operations management will depend primarily upon the nature of the organization’s business. In general, the classes of activities that operations managers directly discharge, which apply to all types of operations, include: (1) Understanding the operation’s strategic objectives; (2) Developing an operations strategy for the organization; (3) Designing the operation’s products, services and processes; (4) Planning and controlling the operation; and (5) Improving the performance of the operation (p. 31) In a survey conducted by Professor Arnoud de Meyer and reported in Pycraft, et al (2000, p. 33), a factory manager’s work was analysed and th e following breakdown was arrived at: Table 1: Breakdown of factory manager’s work Activity % of time Degree of change (1 = spending less time 7 = spending more time) Direct supervision and support Consulting with plant staff Consulting with upper management Consulting with sales and marketing Communicating with customers Communicating with suppliers Consulting with Research and Development Dealing with the community Training (as trainer) Training (as trainee) 22 16 12 10 7 7 5 5 4 4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 Source: Pycraft, Singh & Phihlela, 2000, p.33 The foregoing table highlights the many varied concerns of the operations manager today. No longer is the manager confined to the manufacturing shopfloor and limited to ensuring that the right number of units are produced. The

Optical Distortion, Inc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Optical Distortion, Inc - Case Study Example The aim was to increase the egg production and meat for its customers. The firm, serving in most regions in the United States, has increased its revenue and is making substantial margins from the sale of eggs The population of birds continues to grow not only in the US but it is rapidly spreading to other parts such as Europe, South America and Latin America. It has increased the efficiency of poultry production by reducing the psychological stress and trauma caused by debeaking and cannibalism.. However, the main challenge has been price fixing as farmers would not want to be exploited or exorbitantly charged. The ODI continues to penetrate new and unexploited markets through timely strategies set by its executives. It has gained reputation in the last 50 years due to excellent customer excellence, cost leadership and continued research and development in the industry. Through timely panning, execution and evaluation of its marketing and other programs, it has gained and continues t o gain a larger market share in the industry. ANALYSIS Consumer Orientation A critical analysis of the firm reveals a set of problems that faces the firm. First, it how to hedge the ever increasing costs when farmers respond negatively to any increase in price. As the pointed out in the article, farmers would wish prices to remain low and affordable. This is regardless of many benefits a farmer derives from the services offered by the technical specialists from the firm such as reduced cannibalism, less trauma and greater feeding efficiency. It is pointed that advertising and promotional costs can only be offset if prices go beyond $0.08 per pair. Consumers learn about products from the advertising campaigns enacted and executed by the firm through promotional tools like trade shows, exhibition and newspapers in both local and national papers. Brand Awareness Consumers are well informed about the optical lenses manufactured by the firm as shown by the increasing population of birds in the all regions surveyed. A thorough examination of the chicken census reveals an upwards trend and has an incremental percentage of 6. %.It can deductively be revealed that more and more consumers both individual and organizational have favorable and regular purchasing patterns. Furthermore, through the services of breed and other extension service officers, consumers are motivated to purchase from the firm stocks. Company Capacity Optical Distortion Inc is worried about the costs that may soar higher with an increase in services without rising of prices. As evidenced from the financial statements, is an upcoming firm in the industry with a leaner budget and high production costs than the already established companies. Due to its limited resources and stiff competition from the mature firms, one of the executives is really worried about costs. The executive is indifference as whether to increase the advertising and promotional costs without increasing the price, as it will impac t negatively on its financial performance. Its capacity is further tainted by the firm’s dedication by the management as none of them, if fully devoted to the affairs of the company. As pointed out p6, their financial and managerial is limited as evidenced on the company’s balance sheet. However, the company has adopted offensive strategies of diversification, innovation and product development to suit a variety of needs of customers. Collaboration

Effect of Substance Abuse on Child Upbringing

Effect of Substance Abuse on Child Upbringing Need for Treatment Women with children According to Miller (2001), the number of substance abuse treatment facilities for mothers with young children is very limited and therefore, implementation of local outpatient programs is very important to meet their specific treatment needs. Substance abuse treatment for single mothers is given a lower importance than the sufficient provision of their children in terms of safety and physical needs (Miller, 2001). Treatment of substance abuse and prevention of lifetime relapse requires various approaches (Miller, 2001). According to the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (as cited in Miller, 2001), more than one-third of females who abused drug have undergone major depressive episodes and shown symptoms of mental health problems. Therefore, women who are abusing substance are more likely to experienced mental health problems as well. On the other hand, there is a high possibility that they will end up becoming the victims of domestic violence or experience partner violen ce (Miller, 2001). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (as cited in Miller, 2001) stated that when problems regarding domestic violence failed to be addressed, it will interfere with the effectiveness of treatment and might lead to relapse. Moreover, the high rate of women involving in the legal system is also associated with substance abuse (Miller, 2001). Furthermore, women who are involved in substance abuse lack parenting skills, overreact with harsh discipline or neglecting their children due to their previous experience with same dysfunctional family patterns during their childhood years (Miller, 2001). By looking from the social learning perspective, this means that they are unaware that their children are seeing them as role model and might follow their footsteps in abusing substance. Need for treatment success In order to achieve successful participation in substance abuse treatment, the various needs of patients need to be known. Miller (2001) stated that mother with young children will only be able to focus on her addiction after basic needs such as food, shelter, and water of the family were addressed. Therefore, if any of the needs are affected, it may cause the mother to abandon the ongoing treatment. Besides that, in order for the treatment to be successful, clients must believe or have a positive perception towards the treatment that it will help them alleviate their addiction. Catalano, Ashery, Robertson, and Kumfer (as cited in Miller, 2001), found that including parenting program to clients in substance abuse treatment will significantly decrease the chances of relapse after treatment besides improving preservation because these clients believe that having good parenting skills is important. Miller (2001) pointed out several steps that can ensure a successful treatment program. One of it is to remove attendance barriers by permitting mothers to bring along their children to participate in the treatment program. Besides that, providing child care, training skills for children, and knowledge on substance abuse will make way for the identification of their emotional and behavioural problems. Likewise, providing parenting skills training and support services will help mothers with young children to increase their self-esteem. According to Miller (2001), he stated that funding basis is very important to develop and expand substance abuse treatment program in order to promote and nurture better stability in families by helping mothers to deal with their addiction while at the same time to become a better parent to the children. Amongst child welfare cases in which parents are having substance abuse is concomitant with increasing rates of child re-victimization, higher possibility of out-of-home placement, longer placement in care, and higher rates of child adoption and parental rights termination (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Therefore, it is important to focus on several needs and factors besides addressing treatment barriers to ensure the success of treatment completion. One of the ways to ensure treatment completion is with the introduction of Family Treatment Drug Courts (FTDC). According to Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.), several studies on FTDCs found that they are associated with a better substance abuse treatment initiation, lengthier stay in treatment, lesser days in out-of-home placement for children, higher frequency of family reunification, and higher chances of treatment completion. Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.) continued to state that parents who attended FTDC and have completed the treatment quicker have almost 90 percent chance of reunification and have their children returned. A study found in the work of Kaufman and Oliveros (n.d.) suggested that it is important to work with extended family and natural supports to enhance permanency outcomes for children. Creating cross-system collaborations and placing a substance abuse specialist in child welfare institutions seems to be an effective strategy for increasing intake rates (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Motivational Interviewing (MI), a person-centered and collaborative form of counselling that stimulates and reinforces motivation for change is an extremely effective approach to improve treatment initiation and completion as well increase treatment entry among substance abuser (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Furthermore, substance abuse treatment initiation can be enhanced by outreach and engagement strategies (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Outreach and engagement strategies are also effective at increasing substance abuse treatment completion rates when used with FTDC (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). On the other hand, today, FTDC and the newly developed home-based treatment intervention for substance abuse seem to be the most promising treatment program to improve treatment outcomes (Kaufman Oliveros, n.d.). Home-based substance abuse treatment program has an advantage of dealing with poverty related treatment barriers by bringing the program to those who cannot afford to access other substance abuse treatment programs. Treatment approaches that are delivered must not only emphasize on reducing the symptom but must also increase environmental stability and improve social functioning (Belcher, Briggs, Suarez, Titus, 2012). In order to achieve treatment success, structural resources that assist bonds among providers must be developed or enhanced to nurture more integrated service sectors (Belcher et al., 2012). Treatment services can only be fully integrated after changes are implemented across the whole system rather than within individual treatment programs (Belcher et al., 2012). Berlin (2002) stated four main common concerns that every treatment should have. The first concern is that treatment must be multi-dimensional and comprehensive by identifying numerous domains. Treatment must also include resources or access to services. Next, family therapy must be included to enhance communication among family members besides improving parental and guidance skills. The last concern is that after-care mu st be included in order to prevent relapse from occurring. Pressing Problems Parents who abuse substance are associated with the significant increase risk of child maltreatment and it is frequently under reported by child protective services (Bellettiere, Chuang, Cross, Wells, 2013). Family functioning and the well-being of children are also at risk when parents abuse drugs and alcohol (Bellettiere et al., 2013). Besides that, there is a high possibility that caregivers who abuse substance will engage health risk behaviours and mistreat the children in their care (Bellettiere et al., 2013). On the other hand, the children of parents who abuse alcohol and drugs will probably experience problems in terms of their emotion and behaviour as well as cultivate their own substance abuse in their later stage of adolescence and early adulthood (Bellettiere et al., 2013). A number of costly and alarming social problems can be associated directly to drug dependence. Recent studies estimated that the United States government has to spend around 67 billion dollars annually in crime, low productivity of work, foster care, and other social problems caused by drug dependence (Kleber, Lewis, McLellan, O’Brien, 2000). Volkow and colleagues (as cited in Kleber et al., 2000) found that the dopamine system of individuals who abstain from using cocaine was impaired three months after their last use. Other studies (as cited in Kleber et al., 2000) found that there was sustained variations in the stress response system after former substance users abstain from using opiate or cocaine. The response of encountering an individual or something that is earlier associated with drug use that might create conditioned physiological reactions and craving for the drug can combine to produce the feeling of loss of control (Kleber et al., 2000). The relapse frequencies which were reported to be very high are a clear sign of the negative reinforcement that alcohol and drugs have on people (Berlin, 2002). Alcohol causes more than 150,000 deaths each year and alcohol kills more Americans compared to other drugs other than tobacco which caused 440,000 deaths annually (Wu, 2005). Alcohol consumption has a negative effect on the central nervous system and brain that will cause those who consume alcohol to be aggressive and engage in risk taking behaviours (Wu, 2005). National Institute on Drug Abuse (as cited in Wu, 2005) stated that marijuana might induce impairment of short term memory, attention span, judgment skills, coordination and balance, learning skills, and other cognitive functions. The withdrawal symptoms of marijuana include irritability, restlessness, decreased appetite, insomnia, tremor, chills, and increased body temperature (Fisher Harrison, 2013). Besides that, cocaine will cause someone to have decreased appetite and sleep, increased heart rate, muscle spasms, and convulsions (Wu, 2005). The withdrawal symptoms of cocaine include intense drug craving, irritability, dep ression, anxiety, and lethargy (Fisher Harrison, 2013).

A Mother Critical Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc

A Mother’ ‘A Mother’ is one of the short stories that is part of James Joyce’s literary masterpiece Dubliners. The themes that run through this short story, and indeed the book itself, are: Simony, Gnomon and Paralysis. ‘A Mother’ is written in third person omniscient narration and focuses mainly on the point of view of Mrs Kearney. Who is, as I will try to justify further on, a serial simoniac and a victim of social convention. The first example of Mrs Kearney’s simony is her marriage to Mr Kearney, a bootmaker, who is far older than her. She married, not for love, but in order to keep her status in society respectable: â€Å"her friends began to loosen their tongues about her she silenced them by marrying† (pg 153) Another example of Mrs Kearney’s simony is when she manipulates Mr Holohan into signing into a contract with her daughter. She plies him with alcohol and lends a friendly hand in drawing up the terms of the contract. I believe that when Mrs Kearney is being said to have â€Å"slipped the doubtful items in between the old favourites† (pg 155) as she and Mr Holohan are placing the performers in order for the concert, that Joyce is also hinting that this is what Mrs Kearney had done with the contract. She has confused Holohan with drink so that she can secure a high price for her daughter’s part in the concert. This story is full of the theme of the gnomon also. In the beginning we learn that Mr and Mrs Kearney have two daughters, yet we never learn the younger daughter’...

The Study of Basics of Share Market with Special Reference to Sharekhan.

MAKING INVESTMENT EASIER GIVING CUSTOMER ADVICE MAKING THE MARKET MORE ASSESSIBLE â€Å"OUR AIM IS TO IMPOWER THE INVESTOR TO MAKE INVESTMENT DECISION THROUGH QUALITY ADVICE AND SUPERIOR SERVICE† Sharekhan limited Amravati branch. Tank Complex, Above Union Bank, Rajkamal Square, Amravati www. sharekhan. com COMPANY PROFILE Sharekhan is a firm which is working under SSKI (Shantilal, Shevantilal, Kantilal, Ishwarlal) Ltd. SSKI was founded in 1922. SSKI is one of India’s oldest brokerage houses having eight decades of experience into:- ? Institutional Broking ?Investment Banking Retail Broking It is one of the founding members of the Stock Exchange, Mumbai and Pioneer Institutional Broker. SSKI Entered into Retail Broking in 1985. Share khan is the Retail Broking Arm of the BIG 82 Years old organization i. e. of SSKI and â€Å"Sharekhan† is the Brand Name given to its Retail Business. SSKI carries out its Retail Broking Activities under Sharekhan Brand Name. Sharekh an is One of India’s Leading Broking Houses. They Provides you a Complete Life-Cycle of Investment Solutions in Equities, Derivatives, Commodities & Depository Services. Sharekhan Outlets act as Full Service Investment Solutions Provider, providing you wide range of services like – ? Equity & Derivatives Trading on NSE and BSE ?Online Trading ?Commodities Trading on MCX & NCDEX ?Portfolio Management Services ?Depository Services ?IPO Services ?Wide Range of Customized Research Products ?Uniform Service Standards Sharekhan Services:- Share khan is one of the India's leading brokerage houses & the retail arm of SSKI, with 340 branches in all over India. Offerings of the Sharekhan:- Sharekhan offers both offline and online trading account. But now a days it mostly concentrates on online trading account through which a customer can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe through website. It does not take into account any type of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any type of settlement of payment. It facilitates the customer a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khan’s product consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates:- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares everyone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can kept his shares. Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can directly transfer his funds from his savings account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading will be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo ID proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favour of S. S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. & from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer will be given User ID, Membership password and trading password, which will enable him to access his account and trade. Bank Connection:- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the facility of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows:- ? HDFC BANK ?AXIS BANK ?CITI BANK ?ICICI BANK OBC BANK ?UNION BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade:- It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be directed to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. Share Market: – Share market is an area which fascinates each and every indi vidual who is craving for more money. â€Å"In simple Words, a â€Å"share or stock† is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market†. Securities & Exchange Board of India {SEBI}:- †¢Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The basic functions of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors in securities, to regulate the securities market & to promote its development. †¢Functions of SEBI †¢ To register & regulate the working of capital market intermediaries. †¢To regulate the working of mutual funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. †¢To prohibit fraudulent & unfair trade practices in securities market. †¢To promote investor’s education of intermediaries. †¢To prohibit insider trading in securities. †¢To regulate acquisition of shares & takeovers of companies. Primary & Secondary Market:- a)Primary Market In primary markets securitie s are bought by way of public issue directly from the company. In simple words â€Å"A market is primary if the proceeds of sales go to the issuer of the securities sold. † This is part of the financial market where enterprises issue their new shares and bonds. It is characterized by being the only moment when the enterprise receives money in exchange for selling its financial assets. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after they are initially offered in the primary market. Most trading is done in the secondary market. To explain further, it is trading in previously issued financial instruments. Examples are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, governmental guaranteed loans etc. EQUITY:- †¢NSE (National Stock Exchange):- The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX NIFTY (NSE) is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange in India in of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. Mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities and second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. †¢In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of c apital markets:- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES & OPTIONS ?RETAIL DEBT MARKET ?WHOLESALE DEBT MARKET ?CURRENCY DEBT MARKET BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange):- BSE has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, as it has the topmost performing 30 companies listed. BSE is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as â€Å"The Native Share & Stock Brokers' Association† in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certifications. BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has two of world's best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners. Today, BSE is the world's number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the world's 5th in transaction numbers. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. Bull Market:- There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically the result of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy. Simply put, bull markets are movements in the stock market in which prices are rising and the consensus is that prices will continue moving upward. During this time, economic production is high, jobs are plentiful and inflation is low. A key to successful investing during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising prices. Bear Market :- The opposite of a bull market is a bear market when prices are falling in a financial market for a prolonged period of time. A bear market tends to be accompanied by widespread pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices have decreased for an extended period of time. If an investor is â€Å"bearish† they are referred to as a bear because they believe a particular company, industry, sector, or market in general is going to go down. Bear markets are the opposite–stock prices are falling, and the view is that they will continue falling. The economy will slow down, coupled with a rise in unemployment and inflation. Buy:- †¢We can buy the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and buy the shares on lower price than the market price. Sell:- †¢We can sell the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price. Short sell:- †¢Short selling starts with borrowing a stock from your broker †¢You sell the borrowed stock hoping to buy it back at a lower price and return (short cover) it to your broker for a profit †¢All rules for buying still apply Short cover:- †¢Must have already short sold the stock †¢May set a maximum price limit †¢All other rules for selling apply Derivative Market: – Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying assets, index) in a contractual manner. The underlying assets can be Equity, Forex, commodity, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, Futures and Option, can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivatives products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the â€Å"underlying†. Types of Derivatives:- The most commonly used derivatives contracts are forwards, futures and options. 1)Forwards: – A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specified date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. A Forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. The salient features of forward contracts are: – a)They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter party risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract price is generally not available in public domain. d)On the expiration date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the party wishers to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. )Futures: – A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special type’s forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to solve the problems t hat exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange specified certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and a standard timing of such settlement. 3)Options:- Option is a legal contract in which the writer of the option grants to the buyer, the right to purchase from or sell to the writer a designated instrument or a scrip at a specified price within a specified period of time. There are basically two types of options a)Call Option:- An option contract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the underlying asset. One buys a call option if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying asset for a profit. If the price does not rise, the option expires and the holder's loss is limited to the price of buying the contract. Call options may be used on their own or in conjunction with put options to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. Buying a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a fixed quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the strike price, within a specified time period. For example, you might purchase a call option on 100 shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to increase but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock. If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value. You might choose to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the strike price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the strike price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, is the premium you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage fees. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is known as writing a call. That gives the buyer the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the strike price before the option expires. If you write a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to meet the call. b)Put Option:- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is obligated to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the current market price. In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium). By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified span of time), put options offer insurance against excessive loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option unnecessary; i. e. the market value of the instrument remains above the strike price during the option contract period. Purchasers of put options may also profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the current market value) and repurchase their position at the much reduced current market price. COMMODITY MARKET:- Commodity trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities entitled for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges have been set up in the country to facilitate this for the retail investors. The three national exchanges in India are: ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE) Commodity trading in India is still at its early days and thus requires an aggressive growth plan with innovative ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely boost the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets commission (FMC). Offerings of the Sharekhan:- Sharekhan offers both offline and online trading account. But now a days it mostly concentrates on online trading account through which a customer can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe through website. It does not take into account any type of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any type of settlement of payment. It facilitates the customer a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khan’s product consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates:- ?D-mat Account ?Trading Account ?Bank Link ?Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares everyone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can kept his shares. Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can directly transfer his funds from his savings account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading will be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo ID proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favour of S. S. Kantilal Ishwarlal securities Pvt. Ltd. & from 22 March, 2007 cheque is drawn in favour of Sharekhan LTD itself. After opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer will be given User ID, Membership password and trading password, which will enable him to access his account and trade. Bank Connection:- Sharekhan has affiliation with 11 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the facility of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows:- ? HDFC BANK ?AXIS BANK ?CITI BANK ?ICICI BANK OBC BANK ?UNION BANK ?INDUSIND BANK ?IDBI BANK ?BOI ?YES BANK ?DEUTSCHE BANK Dial-n-Trade:- It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be directed to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. Share Market: – Share market is an area which fascinates each and every indi vidual who is craving for more money. â€Å"In simple Words, a â€Å"share or stock† is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market†. Securities & Exchange Board of India {SEBI}:- †¢Establishment of SEBI The Securities and Exchange Board of India was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. The basic functions of SEBI is to protect the interests of investors in securities, to regulate the securities market & to promote its development. †¢Functions of SEBI †¢ To register & regulate the working of capital market intermediaries. †¢To regulate the working of mutual funds. To promote self-regulatory organizations. †¢To prohibit fraudulent & unfair trade practices in securities market. †¢To promote investor’s education of intermediaries. †¢To prohibit insider trading in securities. †¢To regulate acquisition of shares & takeovers of companies. Primary & Secondary Market:- a)Primary Market In primary markets securitie s are bought by way of public issue directly from the company. In simple words â€Å"A market is primary if the proceeds of sales go to the issuer of the securities sold. † This is part of the financial market where enterprises issue their new shares and bonds. It is characterized by being the only moment when the enterprise receives money in exchange for selling its financial assets. b)Secondary Market The market where securities are traded after they are initially offered in the primary market. Most trading is done in the secondary market. To explain further, it is trading in previously issued financial instruments. Examples are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), National Stock Exchange NSE, bond markets, over-the-counter markets, residential mortgage loans, governmental guaranteed loans etc. EQUITY:- †¢NSE (National Stock Exchange):- The National Stock Exchange of India Limited or S CNX NIFTY (NSE) is a Mumbai-based stock exchange. It is the largest stock exchange in India in of daily turnover and number of trades, for both equities and derivative trading. Mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India. NSE is the third largest Stock Exchange in the world in terms of the number of trades in equities and second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16. 6%. NSE of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India. The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading financial institutions at the best of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company. †¢In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956. Currently, NSE has the following major segment of c apital markets:- ?EQUITY ?FUTURES & OPTIONS ?RETAIL DEBT MARKET ?WHOLESALE DEBT MARKET ?CURRENCY DEBT MARKET BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange):- BSE has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. The SENSEX also called the â€Å"BSE 30†, as it has the topmost performing 30 companies listed. BSE is the oldest stock exchange in Asia and has the greatest number of listed companies in the world. It is located at Dalal Street, Mumbai, India. BSE was established as â€Å"The Native Share & Stock Brokers' Association† in 1875. BSE is the first exchange in India and the second in the world to obtain an ISO 9001:2000 certifications. BSE is the first stock exchange in the country which obtained permanent recognition (in 1956) from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956. BSE has two of world's best exchanges, Deutsche Bores and Singapore Exchange, as its strategic partners. Today, BSE is the world's number 1 exchange in terms of the number of listed companies and the world's 5th in transaction numbers. An investor can choose from more than 4,700 listed companies, which for easy reference, are classified into A, B, S, T and Z groups. Bull Market:- There are two classic market types used to characterize the general direction of the market. Bull markets are when the market is generally rising, typically the result of a strong economy. A bull market is typified by generally rising stock prices, high economic growth, and strong investor confidence in the economy. Simply put, bull markets are movements in the stock market in which prices are rising and the consensus is that prices will continue moving upward. During this time, economic production is high, jobs are plentiful and inflation is low. A key to successful investing during a bull market is to take advantage of the rising prices. Bear Market :- The opposite of a bull market is a bear market when prices are falling in a financial market for a prolonged period of time. A bear market tends to be accompanied by widespread pessimism. A bear market is slang for when stock prices have decreased for an extended period of time. If an investor is â€Å"bearish† they are referred to as a bear because they believe a particular company, industry, sector, or market in general is going to go down. Bear markets are the opposite–stock prices are falling, and the view is that they will continue falling. The economy will slow down, coupled with a rise in unemployment and inflation. Buy:- †¢We can buy the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and buy the shares on lower price than the market price. Sell:- †¢We can sell the shares on market price. †¢We can also negotiate and sell the shares on higher rate than the market price. Short sell:- †¢Short selling starts with borrowing a stock from your broker †¢You sell the borrowed stock hoping to buy it back at a lower price and return (short cover) it to your broker for a profit †¢All rules for buying still apply Short cover:- †¢Must have already short sold the stock †¢May set a maximum price limit †¢All other rules for selling apply Derivative Market: – Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic variables, called bases (underlying assets, index) in a contractual manner. The underlying assets can be Equity, Forex, commodity, Bullion or any other assets. The emergence of the market for derivative products, most notably forwards, Futures and Option, can be traced back to the willingness of risk adverse economic agents to guard themselves against uncertainties arising out of fluctuations in asset prices. By their very nature, the financial markets are marked by a very high degree of volatility. Through the use of derivatives products, it is possible to partially or fully transfer price risks by locking in asset price. For example, wheat farmers may wish to sell their harvest at a future date to eliminate the risk of a change in prices by that date. Such a transaction is an example of derivative. The price of this derivative is driven by the spot price of wheat, which is the â€Å"underlying†. Types of Derivatives:- The most commonly used derivatives contracts are forwards, futures and options. 1)Forwards: – A forward contract is a customized contract between two entities, where settlement takes place on a specified date in the future at today’s pre-agreed price. A Forward contract is an agreement to buy or sell an asset on a specified date for a specified price. The salient features of forward contracts are: – a)They are bilateral contracts and hence exposed to counter party risk. b)Each contract is custom designed, and hence is unique in terms of contract size, expiration date and the asset type and quality. c)The contract price is generally not available in public domain. d)On the expiration date, the contract has been settled by delivery of the assets. e)If the party wishers to reverse the contract, he has to compulsory go to the same counterparty, which often results in high prices being charged. )Futures: – A future contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. Future contracts are special type’s forward contracts in the sense that the former are standardized exchange traded contracts. The futures markets were designed to solve the problems t hat exist in forward markets. A futures contract is an agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a certain time in the future at a certain price. But unlike forward contracts, the futures contracts are standardized and exchange traded. To facilitate liquidity in the futures contracts the exchange specified certain standard features of the contract. It is a standardized contract with standard underlying instrument, a standard quantity and quality of the underlying instrument that can be delivered and a standard timing of such settlement. 3)Options:- Option is a legal contract in which the writer of the option grants to the buyer, the right to purchase from or sell to the writer a designated instrument or a scrip at a specified price within a specified period of time. There are basically two types of options a)Call Option:- An option contract that gives its holder the right (but not the obligation) to purchase a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at the given strike price, on or before the expiration date of the contract, regardless of the prevailing market price of the underlying asset. One buys a call option if one believes the price for the underlying asset will rise by the end of the contract. If the price does rise, the holder may buy and resell the underlying asset for a profit. If the price does not rise, the option expires and the holder's loss is limited to the price of buying the contract. Call options may be used on their own or in conjunction with put options to create an option spread in order to hedge risk. Buying a call option gives you, as owner, the right to buy a fixed quantity of the underlying product at a specified price, called the strike price, within a specified time period. For example, you might purchase a call option on 100 shares of a stock if you expect the stock price to increase but prefer not to tie up your investment principal by investing in the stock. If the price of the stock does go up, the call option will increase in value. You might choose to sell your option at a profit or exercise the option and buy the shares at the strike price. But if the stock price at expiration is less than the strike price, the option will be worthless. The amount you lose, in that case, is the premium you paid to buy the option plus any brokerage fees. In contrast, you can sell a call option, which is known as writing a call. That gives the buyer the right to buy the underlying investment from you at the strike price before the option expires. If you write a call, you are obliged to sell if the option is exercised and you are assigned to meet the call. )Put Option:- A put option is a financial contract between two parties, the writer (seller) and the buyer of the option. The buyer acquires a short position by purchasing the right to sell the underlying instrument to the seller of the option for a specified price (the strike price) during a specified period of time. If the option buyer exercises their right, the seller is obli gated to buy the underlying instrument from them at the agreed upon strike price, regardless of the current market price. In exchange for having this option, the buyer pays the seller or option writer a fee (the option premium). By providing a guaranteed buyer and price for an underlying instrument (for a specified span of time), put options offer insurance against excessive loss. Similarly, the seller of put options profits by selling options that are not exercised. Such is the case when the ongoing market value of the underlying instrument makes the option unnecessary; i. e. the market value of the instrument remains above the strike price during the option contract period. Purchasers of put options may also profit from the ability to sell the underlying instrument at an inflated price (relative to the current arket value) and repurchase their position at the much reduced current market price. COMMODITY MARKET:- Commodity trading is an interesting option for those who wish to diversify from the traditional options like shares, bonds and portfolios. The Government has made almost all commodities entitled for futures trading. Three multi commodity exchanges have been set up in the country to facilitate this for the retail investors. The three national exchanges in India are: ? Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) ?National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) ?National Multi-Commodity Exchange (NMCE) Commodity trading in India is still at its early days and thus requires an aggressive growth plan with innovative ideas. Liberal policies in commodity trading will definitely boost the commodity trading. The commodities and future market in the country is regulated by Forward Markets commission (FMC). Knowledge Gained at Sharekhan:- †¢We have learned various aspects regarding to products of the Sharekhan ltd. †¢We have also gained a lot of knowledge about the schemes & policies of the company & also about its competitors. †¢We have learned about the various indices & their significance in market. We have also learned the impact of Sensex & Nifty on overall stock market. †¢We have learned about various fundamentals & technical aspects which affect the stock prices in short run & long run. †¢At Sharekhan we have also been taught to use the online terminal. †¢We also learned how to enhance communications & convincing skills & how to approach the customers. †¢We have learned a lot relating to finance. Bibliography:- †¢Websites: www. nseindia. com www. bseindia. com www. moneycontrol. com www. sharekhan. com †¢Books & Magazines: Business Today Business Standard